Countries where Persian is an official language This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper, you may see instead of characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see. This article contains. Without proper, you may see.

• Download Pashto Books Pdf
• Pashto Poetry Books

Persian ( or ), also known by its Farsi ( فارسی fārsi ( )), is one of the within the of the. It is primarily spoken in, (officially known as since 1958), and (officially known as since the era), and some other regions which historically were and considered part of. It is written in the, a modified variant of the. The Persian language is classified as a continuation of, the official religious and literary language of the, itself a continuation of, the language of the.

Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages. Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the, (modern-day ), hence the name Persian ( Farsi). A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone. There are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in, and. For centuries, Persian has also been a prestigious cultural language in other regions of, and by the various empires based in the regions.

Persian has had a considerable (mainly ) influence on neighboring languages, particularly the in, and, neighboring Iranian languages, as well as, and, especially (a register of ). It also exerted some influence on, particularly, while borrowing much vocabulary from it after the. With a long history of literature in the form of Middle Persian before Islam, Persian was the first language in the to break through 's monopoly on writing, and the writing of poetry in Persian was established as a court tradition in many eastern courts.

Some of the famous works of are the of, the works of, the, the of, the Divān of and the two miscellanea of prose and verse by, the and the. As a, Old Persian is attested in royal inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the. Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now, , and. Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which is attested in original texts., a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC, which is at a time when Old Persian was the only form of Persian used. He relates that the spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. Middle Persian.

Main article: The complex and of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the construction, expressed through ī (modern ye), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system. Although the 'middle period' of the Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century.

However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the Sassanid era (224–651) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, to the 6th or 7th century. And from the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of. The native name of Middle Persian was Parsig or Parsik, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, 'of Pars', Old Persian Parsa, New Persian. This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian.

Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the. From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages.

That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. From the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. From the northeast).

While (eighth century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i.e. Parthian) and Persian (in Arabic text: al-Farisiyah) (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date. Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian. Ludwig Paul states: 'The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian.' New Persian.

's 'New Persian' is conventionally divided into three stages:. Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries). Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries). Contemporary Persian (19th century to present) Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable. Early New Persian 'New Persian' is taken to replace Middle Persian in the course of the 8th to 9th centuries, under.

With the decline of the Abbasids began the reestablishment of Persian national life and Persians laid the foundations for a renaissance in the realm of letters. New Persian as an independent literary language first emerges in through the adaptation of the spoken form of Sassanian Middle Persian court language called. The cradle of the Persian literary renaissance lay in the east of in and close to the (Modern day Afghanistan). The mastery of the newer speech having now been transformed from Middle into New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the (820–872), (860–903) and (874–999), and could develop only in range and power of expression. Abbas of is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the newer Persian tongue and after him the poems of were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time. The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in Afghanistan. The first significant Persian poet was.

He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works is versified fables collected in the. The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional, a task for which it was particularly suitable due to its relatively simple morphological structure and this situation persisted until at least 19th century. In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model:, and Urdu, which are regarded as 'structural daughter languages' of Persian.

Download Pashto Books Pdf

Classical Persian. An influential work in Persian literature.

'Classical Persian' loosely refers to the standardized language of medieval Persia used in and. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and under the ' Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries. Persian during this time served as lingua franca of and of much of the. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, Tahirids, the, Timurids, the, the, Ottomans and also many Mughal successors such as the. Persian was the only non-European language known and used by at the Court of and in his journeys through China.

Use in Asia Minor. Persian on an. Despite having been ruled at various times prior to the Middle Ages by various Persian-speaking dynasties originating in Iran, the language lost its traditional foothold there with the demise of the. Centuries later however, the practise and usage of Persian in the region would be strongly revived.

A branch of the Seljuks, the, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. They adopted Persian language as the of the empire. The Ottomans, which can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as sultan, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of. It was a major literary language in the empire.

Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are 's Hasht Bihisht, which begun in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the Salim-Namah, a glorification of Selim I. After a period of several centuries, Ottoman Turkish (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation.

However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. Use in South Asia. Persian poem, Takht-e Shah Jahan, India The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe, and. Following the Turko-Persian conquest of, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. For five centuries prior to the, Persian was widely used as a second language in the, due to the admiration the Mughals (who were of origin) had for the foreign language.

It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole 'official language' under the. Beginning in 1843, though, and gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent. Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent.

Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages, especially, also historically known as. Youtube video free download wap site. There is also a small population of Zoroastrian in India, who migrated around 16th-18th century to escape religious execution in and speak a Dari dialect. Contemporary Persian.

A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian In the 19th century, under the, the dialect spoken in rose to prominence. This became the basis of what is now known as 'Contemporary Standard Persian'.

There is still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, since the 19th century numerous, and terms have been borrowed, especially vocabulary related to technology. The Iranian National is responsible for evaluating neologisms in order to devise their Persian equivalents.

Varieties There are three modern varieties of standard Persian:. ( Persian, Iranian Persian, or Farsi) is spoken in, and by minorities in and the states. ( Dari Persian, Afghan Persian, or Dari) is spoken in.

( Tajik Persian) is spoken in and. It is written in the. All these three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The (in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan), (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), and the (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of. The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects:.

Pashto Poetry Books

(or Lori), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian provinces of, some western parts of and some parts of. (in southern Iran)., spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, and Transcaucasia. It is classified as a variety of Persian. Part of the Tat Persian continuum, and spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as notably by immigrant communities in Israel and New York. Phonology. Main article: Morphology Suffixes predominate Persian, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and, and they agree with the subject in person and number.

There is no in Persian, and pronouns are not marked for. Syntax Normal declarative sentences are structured as (S) (PP) (O) V: sentences have optional, and followed by a compulsory. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word rā and precedes prepositional phrases: (S) (O + rā ) (PP) V. Vocabulary.

See also:, and While having a lesser influence on and other languages of and its core vocabulary being of origin, New Persian contains a considerable amount of Arabic lexical items, which were Persianized and often took a different meaning and usage than the original. Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself. Perry, in his article Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic, estimates that about 24 percent of an everyday vocabulary of 20,000 words in current Persian, and more than 25 percent of the vocabulary of classical and modern Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area.

It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature. Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life.

Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms or could be glossed in Persian. The inclusion of Mongolian and Turkic elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned, not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.). New military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g. ارتش‬ arteš for 'army', instead of the Uzbek قؤشین‬ qoʻshin; سرلشکر‬ sarlaškar; دریابان‬ daryābān; etc.) in the 20th century. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other such as, Urdu, and (to a lesser extent) Hindi; the latter two through conquests of Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan invaders; such as, and; such as, and to a lesser extent, and; Afro-Asiatic languages like and; and even indirectly especially and; as well as such as and.

Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on, and, particularly as spoken in. Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used.

For example, in Iranian colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase 'thank you' may be expressed using the French word مرسی‬ merci (stressed, however, on the first syllable), the hybrid Persian-Arabic phrase متشکّر ام‬ motešakker am ( متشکّر‬ motešakker being 'merciful' in Arabic, commonly pronounced motčakker in Persian, and the verb ام‬ am meaning 'I am' in Persian), or by the pure Persian phrase سپاس‌گزار ام‬ sepās-gozār am. Orthography. Main article: The has published a standard for simplified of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled 'Information and documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters – Part 3: Persian language – Simplified transliteration' but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use. Another Latin alphabet, based on the, was used in in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favor of in the late 1930s.

Is Persian using. It is most commonly used in, and applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the ɒ phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones). Tajik alphabet.